(a) Lack of access to historical documents
(b) Abundance of conflicting narratives 
(c) Limited archaeological evidence
(d) All of the above

(a) Emphasis on the scientific and intellectual contributions of Islamic civilization
(b) Focus on the rationality and tolerance within Islamic thought
(c) Recognition of the diversity of Islamic experiences across different regions
(d) Appreciation for the rich artistic heritage of Islamic cultures

(a) The narrator is a close companion of the Prophet (PBUH)
(b) The narration has been transmitted through multiple, reliable sources 
(c) The content aligns with the Quran
(d) The narration is written in a beautiful and eloquent style

(a) The Quran
(b) Hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim
(c) The writings of Ibn Battuta
(d) The biography of the Prophet by Ibn Ishaq

(a) Elite slave soldiers of the Ottoman Empire 
(b) Sufi mystics known for their asceticism
(c) Shi’a scholars and jurists
(d) Rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate

(a) Early Islamic Caliphate 
(b) Ottoman Empire
(c) Mughal Empire
(d) Safavid Dynasty

(a) The Maliki school of Islamic law
(b) Twelver Shia Islam as the state religion 
(c) Sufi orders as the primary political force
(d) A secular form of government

(a) Advances in shipbuilding and navigation
(b) Patronage of Islamic art and architecture 
(c) Spread of Shia Islam
(d) Weakening of the Byzantine Empire

(a) The Umayyad Caliphate
(b) The Abbasid Caliphate
(c) The Ottoman Empire
(d) The Mughal Empire

(a) Strict adherence to legalistic interpretations
(b) Mystical experience and personal connection with God 
(c) Political activism and social reform
(d) Military conquests and expansion