(a) Abu Bakr

(b) Umar 

(c) Uthman

9d) Ali

(a) Mecca
(b) Medina 
(c) Jerusalem
(d) Damascus

(a) Damascus
(b) Cairo
(c) Constantinople 
(d) Mecca

(a) Harun al-Rashid 
(b) Muawiyah I
(c) Umar ibn Al-Khattab
(d) Ali ibn Abi Talib

(a) Military conquests
(b) Intellectual and cultural flourishing 
(c) Strict adherence to religious law
(d) Decline of central authority

(a) Muawiyah I 
(b) Harun al-Rashid
(c) Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
(d) Muhammad al-Bukhari

(a) Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, Ali 
(b) Ali, Uthman, Umar, Abu Bakr
(c) Umar, Abu Bakr, Ali, Uthman
(d) Uthman, Ali, Abu Bakr, Umar

(a) Abu Bakr Siddiq 
(b) Umar ibn Al-Khattab
(c) Uthman ibn Affan
(d) Ali ibn Abi Talib

(a) The Byzantines
(b) The Quraysh of Mecca 
(c) The Persians
(d) The Romans

(a) Hijrah
(b) Jihad
(c) Zakat
(d) Umrah