(a) Strict adherence to legalistic interpretations
(b) Mystical experience and personal connection with God 
(c) Political activism and social reform
(d) Military conquests and expansion

(a) Military training
(b) Translation and scholarship 
(c) Religious debates
(d) Trade and commerce

(a) Caliphs
(b) Imams and Jurists 
(c) Sufi mystics
(d) Military commanders

(a) Religious conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslims
(b) Relative peace and coexistence in the Islamic world 
(c) Mongol invasions and destruction
(d) European colonization of Muslim lands

(a) The Kharijite movement
(b) The Ash’ari school of theology
(c) The Maturidi school of theology
(d) The Sufi mystical tradition

(a) Modern warfare

(b) Renaissance in Europe 

(c) Feudal political structures

(d) Viking exploration

(a) Sunni-Shia split
(b) Decline of the Ottoman Empire 
(c) Rise of Arab nationalism
(d) Spread of Sufism

(a) Umayyad Caliphate 

(b) Abbasid Caliphate

(c) Ottoman Empire

(d) Safavid Dynasty

(a) Islamic art and architecture 
(b) Christian missionary activity
(c) Byzantine influence
(d) Shi’a Islam dominance

(a) Mathematics and Astronomy

(b) Law and Jurisprudence

(c) Geography and History 

(d) Medicine and Philosophy