(a) Arabic script (Answer)

(b) Persian script

(c) Ottoman script

(d) Hebrew script

(a) Holy war against non-believers
(b) Giving charity
(c) Pilgrimage to Mecca
(d) Fasting during Ramadan

(a) Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

(b) Abraham and Ishmael

(c) The Quraysh tribe

(d) The Abbasid Caliphate

(a) Abu Bakr

(b) Umar 

(c) Uthman

9d) Ali

(a) Mecca
(b) Medina 
(c) Jerusalem
(d) Damascus

(a) Damascus
(b) Cairo
(c) Constantinople 
(d) Mecca

(a) Harun al-Rashid 
(b) Muawiyah I
(c) Umar ibn Al-Khattab
(d) Ali ibn Abi Talib

(a) Military conquests
(b) Intellectual and cultural flourishing 
(c) Strict adherence to religious law
(d) Decline of central authority

(a) Muawiyah I 
(b) Harun al-Rashid
(c) Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
(d) Muhammad al-Bukhari

(a) Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, Ali 
(b) Ali, Uthman, Umar, Abu Bakr
(c) Umar, Abu Bakr, Ali, Uthman
(d) Uthman, Ali, Abu Bakr, Umar